Rising Geopolitical Tensions Highlight Vulnerabilities in Global Underseas Cable Networks

• Underwater communication cables are crucial for global connectivity but are highly vulnerable to damage and sabotage, especially in geopolitically significant regions.
• Cable disruptions can severely impact industries reliant on real-time data, government services, and daily life, causing financial instability, increased costs, reduced service quality, and compromised national security.
• Detecting and repairing underwater cable damage is a slow and costly process that can delay recovery and increase financial losses for businesses dependent on constant connectivity.

Underwater communication cables, while critical to the global economy, are highly susceptible to accidental damage and deliberate sabotage. These cables carry over 95 percent of international data traffic and power financial transactions, cloud computing, global supply chains, and communications between continents. Consequently, the convergence of submarine cables in vital chokepoints makes them appealing targets for sabotage and hybrid warfare. Strategic regions like the Baltic, Red, and South China seas face higher risks due to their geopolitical significance and importance to the global maritime trade.

In November 2024, authorities reported the severing of two critical cables in the Baltic Sea, disrupting connectivity between Finland, Germany, Sweden, and Lithuania.  Similar incidents occurred in 2023, including the damage to cables near Taiwan’s Matsu Islands and in the Red Sea near Yemen, underscoring the risks of undersea cables increasingly becoming tools for geopolitical rivalries and hybrid conflict strategies.

Cable disruptions can induce severe consequences, particularly for industries heavily reliant on real-time data. Financial systems depend on these cables for international payments and trading; any brief delays can compound market instability and impact investor confidence. Cloud service providers may face increased costs as they reroute network traffic during outages to mitigate degraded performance. Telecommunications services could experience bandwidth limitations and reduced quality. In healthcare, telemedicine and real-time diagnostics can suffer delays, affecting patient care. Corporate travel and emergency evacuations could encounter significant difficulties due to interruptions in trip booking and air traffic control systems.

Undersea cable outages can also impact government services. Systems supporting national security operations, border management, and emergency response coordination rely on subsea cables for secure and uninterrupted communication. Disruptions to these data pipelines could compromise the ability of states to respond to natural disasters, manage critical infrastructure, or maintain public safety, particularly in regions already dealing with crises. The effects of cable damage also extend to remote work infrastructure and digital services like media streaming and e-commerce platforms, paralyzing operations and daily life.

The laborious and resource-intensive nature of damage detection and repair of these underwater cables can complicate the recovery timeline of outages. Cables are usually buried in the seabed but may become exposed due to shifting tides, fishing activity, or deliberate sabotage. Before repairs can begin, crews must pinpoint the damaged section by analyzing anomalies in the data flow - an inherently slow and complex process. Thereafter, trained personnel with specialized equipment are necessary to undertake actual work, and it may often require weeks to restore functionality. Further delays are possible if the break is in a hard-to-reach area or politically sensitive territory. These holdbacks can exacerbate operational and financial losses for businesses dependent on uninterrupted connectivity.

International efforts to safeguard undersea cables remain fragmented, especially in strategic regions involving multiple competing actors, and the risks of further disruptions to transnational operations will continue to grow as the global reliance on digital connectivity increases. Businesses should consider adopting proactive strategies to protect operations from submarine cable disruptions. Organizations can diversify communication providers to reduce overdependency on a single network and examine the feasibility of backup systems like satellite-based alternatives to maintain critical functions during outages. Corporations may also invest in redundancies through multiple cable routes and develop robust crisis management protocols to help mitigate potential disruptions. Companies should continue to evaluate their resilience strategies and monitor geopolitical trends in high-risk regions to reinforce preparedness levels.