Madagascar: At least 38 cases of plague reported in nationwide outbreak /update 4

Event

According to health authorities, at least 38 cases of plague were reported in Madagascar between August and early November. At least ten deaths have been confirmed, including six associated with pneumonic plague and four associated with bubonic plague. According to local sources, the most affected areas include Ambalavao, Ankazobe, Miarinarivo, Ambatofinandrahana, Midongy du Sud, and Tsiroanomandidy. Additional cases are likely to be reported in the coming weeks and months.

Context

Plague is a bacterial infection that typically affects rodents and is most often transmitted from rodents to other animals and humans via flea bites. Bubonic plague is the most common form of the disease, characterized by swollen lymph nodes; it is fatal in 30 to 60 percent of cases. Pneumonic plague occurs when the bacteria infects the lungs; symptoms include fever, headache, weakness, pneumonia, chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery mucous. It is the most virulent form of the disease and can be spread from person to person. Without prompt and effective treatment, pneumonic plague is always fatal. Plague can be treated with antibiotics.

Advice

Individuals in Madagascar should take measures to protect themselves from insect bites (use insect repellents, wear long sleeved shirts and pants, etc.), maintain strict standards of sanitation (cleanliness to discourage presence of rodents, elimination of rodent habitats outdoors - e.g. brush, rock piles, pet food, etc.), use flea control products on all pets, and avoid contact with potentially infected persons. Anyone presenting with the above symptoms is advised to seek immediate medical attention.