Fiji: Leptospirosis outbreak reported nationwide through March 2022. Use basic health precautions.

Event

Fijian health authorities report an ongoing nationwide outbreak of leptospirosis since January, where at least 1,230 laboratory-confirmed cases have occurred, and 380 hospitalizations, according to data through March 18. The most-affected division is Western Division, reporting 488 cases, followed by Central Division with 436 cases, Northern Division with 270 cases, and Eastern Division with 36 cases. This report represents the most recent data available as of March 23.

Context

Media reports indicate dozens more cases have been confirmed by clinical symptom presentation alone, though this figure has not yet been published. Fijian officials reported roughly 160 cases of leptospirosis nationwide during 2021 and nearly 70 cases in 2019. Leptospirosis is an annual threat in Fiji, where seasonal rains and widespread flooding create ideal conditions for leptospirosis outbreaks. This is especially true of individuals who work outdoors near animals or in agricultural settings, where the risk of exposure is highest. Household exposure may occur from drinking water contaminated with animal urine; exposure to surfaces contaminated by rodents also presents a risk of infection, highlighting the importance of strict hand hygiene measures.

Leptospirosis is caused by a bacterium that spreads to humans through water and soil contaminated by infected animal urine. Symptoms typically appear 5-14 days after exposure, but can develop up to 30 days after exposure. Symptoms generally include headache, fever, muscle aches, chills, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. However, some individuals can develop a more severe illness called Weil's disease, which can be life-threatening. Symptoms of Weil's disease may include meningitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord), kidney failure, and/or liver failure.

Advice

Avoid contact with contaminated soil and water. Seek medical attention if symptoms develop within one month of being in affected areas.