Moldova Country Report

Moldova is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Ukraine and Romania, the latter with which it shares a strong cultural heritage. Moldova's political system is often marred by corruption scandals and tensions between pro-Russia and pro-Western parties. Separatist movements remain a political force in the country, maintaining de facto control over the semi-autonomous areas of Gagauzia to the south, and Transnistria to the east. The threat of renewed armed conflict instigated by these groups has markedly subsided over the years. Moldova has yet to undergo meaningful structural reform since its independence from the Soviet Union and its economy is one the most remittance-dependent in the world. However, the country signed a free trade agreement with the European Union in mid-2014, opening the door for financial assistance and the implementation of political reforms. Corruption is endemic and organized crime has become well-established, contributing to a poor regulatory environment. Petty crime poses one of the greatest threats to foreign travelers due to Moldova's relatively high levels of poverty. Major motor vehicle accidents are also common and periodically lead to significant loss of life. Infrastructure remains largely underdeveloped by Western European standards, particularly in rural areas.

There is no significant threat of terrorism against foreign travelers or interests in Moldova, although small-scale and isolated politically-motivated attacks have targeted Moldovans and government offices. Levels of petty crime are fairly high and foreign nationals may be targeted by opportunistic thieves. Violent crime is generally low, but racially motivated crime is a concern. Organized criminal activity is widespread but does not normally impact foreigners. Political tensions periodically lead to rounds of unrest.

The conflict in neighboring Ukraine has impacted the country's economy and energgy supplies, and has presented significant challenges to the government. In February 2023, President Maia Sandu declared that Russia was planning a coup to overthrow the government, through sabotage and attacks on state institutions.

Air travel is safe and in compliance with international safety standards.

Transport infrastructure is generally poor, and dangerous local driving habits combined with dilapidated roads can make overland travel hazardous.

Giurgiulesti port is Moldova's only port accessible to seagoing vessels and is considered relatively efficient.

Moldova is considered relatively resource-poor. Access to electricity is good, as well as in rural areas.

There are increasing concerns over the threat from cyber-attacks due to the Russia-Ukraine war.

Moldova is located in a seismically active region and is susceptible to minor earthquakes. The country also experiences severe flooding due to heavy rain, particularly during spring and summer.

There are several health hazards specific to Moldova. Food and water are not always safe, and medical facilities are fairly limited.

Moldova is a unitary, multi-party parliamentary republic. The President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet form the government and exercise executive power. The unicameral parliament exercises legislative power. Presidential and parliamentary elections take place once every four years. Snap parliamentary elections have been called in the past in response to political developments. The judiciary is nominally independent of the executive and the legislature but is widely regarded as corrupt and vulnerable to external pressures.

Coalitions featuring a cross-section of political parties are typically required to form the government. Government collapses occasionally occur. State institutions are moderately competent and effective and provide unreliable services in rural areas.