Sri Lanka Country Report

Sri Lanka continues to navigate an economic crisis that has caused periods of civil unrest, shortages of essential items such as food and medicine, and utility disruptions since March 2022. Sporadic violence has broken out during related protests. The most significant clashes occurred May 9 and July 9 in 2022, prompting a nationwide state of public emergency and curfews that have since ended. Subsequent demonstrations have remained largely peaceful. Despite the limited improvements in economic conditions since 2023, the risk of intensification of protests and fresh violence remains. Triggers include the approval of controversial budget cuts and terms under foreign debt restructuring plans, as well as slowing or reversal of economic recovery under the new socialist ruling coalition in power from late September 2024.

There is no major conflict threat facing Sri Lanka following the 2009 conclusion of a long-running civil war. However, unresolved communal tensions are a problem, notably in northern and eastern provinces. There is also a growing concern over Islamist radicalization and Islamic State claimed suicide attacks on churches and hotels in April 2019.

Petty crime is the primary threat facing foreigners, although violent crime does exist. Protests occur occasionally and are typically peaceful, although they can cause travel disruptions. Sectarian protests can also be directed at the country’s Christian, Tamil and Muslim communities. Overland travel can be dangerous due to heavily congested roads and the erratic driving habits of local motorists. Rain-triggered floods and landslides are a concern, especially during the monsoon seasons. Similarly, tropical cyclones pose a significant threat to human communities and infrastructure, notably from November to December. In addition, the country is vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis. Travelers’ diarrhea is the most commonly reported ailment, although mosquito-borne diseases are also a concern. Medical services in Colombo are adequate for common ailments. Facilities in more rural areas may be limited.

Civil unrest remains a concern in Sri Lanka for the medium term amid an economic crisis and political uncertainty. Although recent demonstrations have remained largely peaceful, further protests remain possible in the near term, and sporadic clashes between security personnel and demonstrators could occur.

Crime is the main threat that foreigners may face in Sri Lanka. Most incidents are petty and opportunistic in nature, although violent crime can also be a concern. The threat of conflict resulting from insurgency has been reduced following the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). However, communal tensions remain a concern, notably in several provinces like Southern, North West and North Central, amid the rise of Buddhist extremism. Though the past terror threat stemmed primarily from the LTTE, a growing threat has been posed by radical Islamist groups, as demonstrated in the April 2019 Easter Sunday bombings. Protests are typically peaceful but can result in localized disruptions.

There are no major concerns over air travel.

Overland travel can be considered hazardous.

The Sri Lankan port of Colombo was ranked as the most efficient container port in South Asia and the Indian Subcontinent in 2021.

Major utilities are assessed to be reliable, although interruptions are common during severe weather.

Cybercrime is a growing concern.

Some parts of the country are vulnerable to various seismic activities, notably tsunamis and earthquakes. In addition, the country is susceptible to seasonal meteorological hazards, including monsoon rains and tropical cyclones during cyclone season from April through December, as well as significant changes to climate conditions resulting from El Nino and La Nina. There is considerable landmine contamination in areas previously at the forefront of the civil war.

Sri Lanka has several diseases and health risks, like dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis. Healthcare services are limited even in urban centers. Several vaccines are required prior to travel. Access to mental health services is limited. Tap water is unsafe to drink.

Sri Lanka enjoys moderate stability. However, corruption is a significant problem. Weak rule of law also affects the quality of the judiciary and law enforcement in the country.